If you walk down the supermarket aisle, you may be tempted with foods marketed as being good for your gut. Then there are the multiple health blogs about improving, supporting or maintaining your “gut health.”

But what does “gut health” mean? Is it the absence of disease? Is it no bloating? Or is it something else entirely? And how strong is the evidence “gut health” products actually make a difference?

As we explain in our article just published in the journal Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, even researchers have not quite nailed a definition. Here’s what we know so far.

What does the science say?

We know the gut is important for our overall health and well-being. And when we say “gut,” we usually mean the large intestine, the region of the gastrointestinal tract where most of our gut microbiome lives.

Our gut microbiome is our gut’s resident microbes. And evidence is emerging this affects everything from how our body processes sugar in our diet, to our risk of cancer, depression and dementia.

But there’s no clear agreement on what “gut health” actually means. Researchers don’t use the term in the medical literature very much. When they do, they seem to refer to no:

unwanted gastrointestinal symptoms (such as pain or diarrhea)

disease (such as Crohn’s disease or colon cancer), or

negative gut features (such as inflammation, a deficiency of certain molecules or an imbalance in the microbiome), which are almost impossible to precisely diagnose.

Nowhere do researchers or gastroenterologists (doctors who specialize in the gut) mention any aesthetic perks, such as a smooth, flat belly or glowing skin, despite what magazine articles might suggest.

So, what’s the problem?

There are two main problems with products or lists of foods that claim to be good for “gut health.”

First, such claims are not backed by strong scientific evidence. Second, these claims are simplistic.

While a healthy diet is undoubtedly an essential contributor to good health, including of the gastrointestinal system, it’s dietary patterns and overall habits, not individual foods, that shift the dial.

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Let’s take fiber as an example

Fiber is one dietary component heralded as a gut health hero. Indeed, there is compelling evidence showing health benefits of a high-fiber diet, for the gastrointestinal tract, and also more broadly (for instance, a reduced risk of heart disease and diabetes).

Yet most people in Western countries do not eat enough dietary fiber.

However, the little-told story is foods contain multiple types of dietary fiber, each with different effects on gut function (and its microbiome).

We don’t know if all types of fiber are essential or beneficial. At least in animals, too much of certain fibers might affect the large intestine, causing inflammatory disease.

So yes, eat high-fiber foods (including wholegrain cereals, fruit, vegetables, legumes and nuts). But do so as part of a varied diet, not by overloading on just one or two foods or commercial products claiming to improve your “gut health.”

We are all individuals

The optimal diet for your gut as well as your overall health is likely to be highly individual. What is best for one person may not be so for the next.

Large human studies show the gut microbiome may be the major driver of this individuality, responsible for some of the variability in how different people metabolize food.

However, as we have written about before, it isn’t yet possible to define the perfect microbiome, or how to get one. What is clear is that any one product is unlikely to achieve this anyway.

So where does this leave us?

If we accept the concept of “gut health” has many nuances, what next?

There is good evidence the health of the gastrointestinal tract and its microbiome are important for overall health, and certainly the absence of pain and disease boosts our well-being.

But rather than focusing on one food, the evidence for what’s best for our gut tells us we’d be better off looking at improving our overall diet. National healthy eating guidelines universally include advice to eat a variety of foods, including those high in fiber, and to avoid excessive alcohol.

General principles of a healthy lifestyle apply too: avoid substance abuse (including smoking, off-label prescription drugs and illicit drugs), exercise regularly, take care of your mental well-being and manage your stress.

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